«Эффект друзей и соседей»: 75 лет электорально-географических исследований
Аннотация
«Эффект друзей и соседей» — один из классических контекстуальных эффектов в электоральной географии. Обычно он проявляется в виде повышения поддержки кандидата, баллотирующегося на выборах, в окрестностях его места проживания, родного района или других мест, с которыми он как-либо связан. Иногда этот феномен называют «эффектом кандидата» или эффектом «домашнего преимущества». В данной статье представлен обзор исследований данного эффекта, характеризуются его основные черты и особенности, а также формулируются ключевые проблемы, стоящие перед исследователями в данной области. Несмотря на то что с момента «открытия» данного явления прошло уже 75 лет, география исследований, посвященных «эффекту друзей и соседей», до сих пор ограничивается в основном США, Австралией, Новой Зеландией и несколькими странами Европы, тогда как работы по другим регионам единичны. В России ему тоже практически не уделялось внимания, а первая статья, посвященная непосредственно данному эффекту, появилась лишь в 2022 году. При этом в последние 15 лет в англоязычной литературе наблюдается взрывной рост интереса к «эффекту друзей и соседей». Именно в этот период появилась большая часть работ по странам Восточной Европы, а также несколько исследований по африканским и восточноазиатским странам. Другая актуальная проблема — переход от этапа накопления информации и первичных результатов по отдельным контекстам к синтетическому обобщению знаний об исследуемом феномене на основе сравнительных исследований. Возможно, именно подобное обобщение поможет ответить на ряд нерешенных пока вопросов, связанных с «эффектом друзей и соседей».Скачивания
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