Aadhaar, искусственный интеллект и идентичность: взаимодействие власти и надзора на Глобальном Юге

  • Ниланджана Синха Бизнес-школа NSHM, БЛ Саха Роуд, 124, Калькутта — 700 053 Западная Бенгалия, Индия
Ключевые слова: идентичность, надзор, Aadhaar, биометрическая идентификация, постколониальная теория

Аннотация

Первоначально задуманный как инструмент управленческого совершенствования и содействия социальной инклюзии, Aadhaar стал сочетанием инструментов, несущим серьезные последствия для индийского общества. Включенный в исследование основанной на технологиях системы государственного администрирования, Aadhaar раскрывает запутанный механизм, который ставит соответствующие вопросы, касающиеся надзора, управления и идентичности. В исследовании, опирающемся на интервью, анализ обработки данных и постколониализм, ставится цель показать работу Aadhaar в индийском обществе, разобрав его парадоксальное действие одновременно в качестве инструмента управления и идентификационного надзора. Несмотря на обещание Aadhaar сделать льготы легкодоступными, его практические возможности представляют собой проблему, например, из-за наличия дубликатов удостоверений личности или активных учетных записей умерших людей. Подобное развитие событий вызывает соответствующие опасения по поводу массовой слежки и приватизации государственных функций частными компаниями, такими как OnGrid и Khosla Labs, что, в свою очередь, ставит важные вопросы этики и подотчетности. По сравнению с другими глобальными режимами, такими как GDPR или Social Security Systev, в Aadhaar отсутствуют строгие механизмы защиты частной жизни физических лиц и обеспечения подотчетности и всех необходимых уровней прозрачности. Надзорные механизмы Aadhaar, основанные на концепции паноптикона у Фуко, нормализуют возможности государства по мониторингу и контролю граждан при помощи биометрической слежки. Это переводит инклюзию в область новой формы управления идентичностью, где те, кто обладает меньшими шансами на одобрение и признание — например, мигранты, бедняки, лица, лишенные доступа к банковским услугам — снова оказываются в аналитически более управляемой и удобной среде социального исключения. Понятие гибридности из работ Х. Бабы позволяет по-иному взглянуть на действие Aadhaar в постколониальном контексте: оно изменчиво и должно постоянно переопределяться в процессе надзора. Критический постколониальный анализ, проведенный Эдвардом Саидом, показывает, как Aadhaar мимикрирует под колониальные системы категоризации, еще больше усиливая властные иерархии и систематическое, институциональное исключение. По мере того, как Aadhaar все больше формирует индийскую идентичность, он делает это не просто как инструмент социальной инклюзии, а как система, которая систематически помещает граждан под надзор, превращая их идентичность в синоним проверки и регулирования, нормализуя власть слежки и контроля без всякого их выбора либо согласия.

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Опубликован
2024-03-26
Как цитировать
СинхаН. (2024). Aadhaar, искусственный интеллект и идентичность: взаимодействие власти и надзора на Глобальном Юге. Социологическое обозрение, 23(4), 80-112. https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2024-4-80-112
Раздел
Искусственный интеллект и Глобальный Юг: социокультурные перспективы