The article considers evolution, institutional foundations, and contemporary dynamics of Brazilian agribusiness within the global food regime. The authors argue that Brazil’s current position in the international agri-food system cannot be explained only by its recent economic development due to the long period of unequal land distribution, state-led modernization, and persistent political disputes. Based on the methodological combination of historical analysis, secondary data on production and exports, and a critical review of relevant research, the article presents four main findings. First, Brazilian agrarian structure consolidated a model of large-scale monoculture, which is based on a closed connection between landholdings concentration and political-economic power. Second, the state played a decisive role in ensuring technical and productive capacities of agribusiness by funding, infrastructural development, credit, and public research, particularly in adapting cultivars to tropical biomes. Third, agribusiness maintains a constant and direct political presence, affecting legislative and executive agendas. Fourth, agribusiness is ambiguously involved in contemporary crises: while some actors deny climate and environmental agendas, others adopt discourses of sustainability in such ways that often reinforce rather than reduce existing inequalities. The authors believe that Brazil represents a form of subordinate integration into the global food regime, both consolidating its export strength and reproducing structural tensions between productivity, inequality, and sustainability. By considering the Brazilian case as a part of debates on institutional change, dependency, and development, the study contributes to broader discussions on possibilities and limitations of the contemporary capitalist agribusiness-led growth.