This article examines the works of German sociologist F. Tönnies and his contemporary, anarchist G. Landauer. The problem that determines the study is related to the fact that sociology as an academic discipline and anarchism as a socio-political thought hardly share common points. However, in our view this is not entirely fair. Anarchist ideas can add a lot to the sociological discourse. For example, they might deepen the understanding of the formation of the discipline. Moreover, today researchers try to reconstruct “anarchist sociology” in the writings of Proudhon, Bakunin or Kropotkin. Since it is impossible to cover all authors and ideas in one study, we will focus on the key themes of sociological theory. This topic is connected to the conceptual pair Gemeinschaft (community) and Gesellschaft (society), proposed by F. Tönnies in his work. The sociological reading of these concepts is well known. Without this construction, it is impossible to understand the development of social thought in the works of G. Simmel, M. Weber, H. Fryer and other classics. However, this conceptual pair played a major role not only in classical works. Specifically, if we focus on Landauer’s texts, we will find that he also used these terms. This fact raises the question about the commonalities and differences between this conceptual construct in Tönnies’ and Landauer’s works. In our opinion, these topics are rather new and hardly studied in detail, so the current article will try to provide preliminary answers to these questions.